While this is a common statistical approach, it may not represent the reality as pathogen- and individual-related factors may play a role in the association between infection and GC; for example, interactions with smoking or dietary factors could modify the carcinogenetic effect of H. pylori [63]; Helicobacter pylori strains also influence carcinogenicity, with CagA positive ones being known for their stronger association with cancer [26, 32, 56]. Here, S100A8 is linked to cancer.