TGFB1 and asthma: 151). Subsequent studies demonstrated that EVs from both murine and human MSCs reduce airway hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation by mitigating BALF neutrophil and eosinophil counts and levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17 in Aspergillus hyphal extract-induced asthma (Ref. 152). MSC-derived EVs also stimulated T regulatory cell proliferation and immunosuppressive properties by enhancing IL-10 and TGF-β levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of asthmatic patients (Ref. 153).