STAT1 and infection: For example, cGAS can activate aSTING-IRF3 signaling axis to induce ISGs in STAT1-/- fibroblasts(39, 41), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV;Herpesviridae) infection can induce robust, IRF-3-dependent ISGexpression when JAK-STAT signaling is abrogated by viral STAT1 antagonists(2, 41).