Concomitant quantification of PD-L1-CD80 cis-heterodimers on tumor cells stratifies patients further: where this inhibitory pair is abundant, adding a PD-L1 antagonist liberates both CD80 for CD28 co-stimulation and PD-L1 from PD-1 restraint, amplifying anti-tumor immunity. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.