Notably, other factors such as genetic polymorphisms associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease, MYH9 (myosin heavy chain 9) and APOL1 (apolipoprotein L1) genes, have been reported to occur more frequently in individuals of African ancestry.36–38 Our findings are consistent with these observations, in Black individuals in the United Kingdom, and showed no significant interaction between ethnicity and sex in relation to renal-HMOD. The gene discussed is APOL1; the disease is chronic kidney disease.