,41 In the nucleus, transcription of several hundred target genes is regulated by the Smad complexes in cooperation with different transcription factors, co-activators, and corepressors.42, 43, 44, 45 Interestingly, dependent on the liver physiological or pathophysiological stage, TGF-β signaling can exhibit variant functions in the same cells, including tumor-suppressor or tumor-promoter effects in epithelial cells.46 The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.