ITGAX and melanoma: PD-L1 expression was significantly higher in CD163+/CD11c+ DCs within the CRATERs compared with the rest of the tumor (Figures 6E and 6F), consistent with previous reports of PD-L1 expression by DCs and macrophages at the melanoma margins.34 Of note, PD-L1 staining was higher in CD163+ DCs contacting the CD8+ T cells in the CRATERs compared with CD163+ cells at the same perivascular area (Figure 6F), suggesting that CD8+ T cells are also exposed to PD-L1 within the CRATER.