Normally, TDP-43 is predominantly located in the nucleus, but small amounts are also found in the cytoplasm, especially under cellular stress conditions (Dewey et al, 2011; Gruijs da Silva et al, 2022), or after nucleocytoplasmic transport defects associated with neurodegenerative diseases and/or aging (Chou et al, 2018; D’Angelo et al, 2009; Hutten et al, 2020). This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and neurodegenerative disease.