Serum biomarkers of skeletal muscle injury and/or specific DMD disease milestones – including sTnI, cTnI, Myl3, TIMP-1, FABP3 and CKM (Konagaya et al., 1987; Strandberg et al., 2020) – were greater in the hDMDΔ52/mdx mice than in hDMD/mdx controls. This evidence concerns the gene TIMP1 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.