For instance, cecropin A not only effectively reduced the levels of proinflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the colon tissues of mice with ulcerative colitis but also reduced the E. coli-induced expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α mRNAs in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) (48, 49). Here, TNF is linked to ulcerative colitis.