TNF and gestational diabetes: A pro-inflammatory diet increases blood levels of inflammatory substances such as CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6, consequently increasing the body's inflammation degree.(34,35) Furthermore, studies have shown that the consumption of processed and unprocessed red meats is also associated with a higher risk of developing GDM during pregnancy, even after adjustments for body mass index (BMI).(36,37) These findings align with our results, as we identified an association between high DII and GDM risk from models adjusted for anthropometry, gestational history, and dietary intake.