TGFB1 and atrial fibrillation: In another study, lentiviral vectors were used to deliver shRNA targeting the long non-coding RNA myocardial infarction-associated transcript directly into the atria of rats, resulting in a significant increase in the atrial effective refractory period (AERP), reduction of AF duration, and a marked decrease in the expression of myocardial fibrosis markers including collagen I, collagen III, CTGF, and TGF-β1 [45].