FOS and melanoma: Moreover, caffeic acid, another bioactive compound in coffee, has been shown to inhibit UVB‐induced COX‐2 expression by blocking Fyn kinase activity, which occurs through the inhibition of the activator protein‐1(AP‐1) and NF‐κB pathways, thereby generating a protective effect (Figure5).[315] Therefore, moderate consumption of caffeinated coffee—such as 1–2 cups d−1—may help reduce the risk of melanoma and related skin malignancies.