LAMP1 and melanoma: Inhaled lithium may account for the reduced melanoma risk in smokers by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase‐3 beta (GSK‐3β), thereby enhancing β‐catenin activity.[281] Activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway is associated with the upregulation of several genes that are typically absent in aggressive melanomas compared to normal melanocytes.[282] In lithium‐treated tumor xenografts, the levels of autophagy markers LC3β and LAMP1 were significantly elevated compared to controls.