BRAF and melanoma: Melanomas from males exhibit an overall higher number of missense mutations than those from females, including in genes such as BRAF and NRAS, even after adjusting for age and clinical covariates.[28] Moreover, the greater burden of missense mutations among males leads to the diminished ability to remove mutation‐rich tumor cells and therefore undermines the antitumor immune surveillance, which may explain, in part, the female survival advantage observed clinically.[29] Differences in sex hormone levels and receptor signaling also influence immune regulation.