BMP4 and chronic kidney disease: For instance, BMP9 regulates the osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs in chronic kidney disease,[33] BMP2 mediates pro‐osteogenic reprogramming in aortic valve interstitial cells,[34] and BMP4 promotes the recruitment and activation of monocytes and macrophages, enhances foam cell formation, and affects inflammation and plaque stability.[35] Previous studies have indicated that BMP6 plays multifaceted roles in iron metabolism, tumor biology, and cardiovascular disease, all of which may collectively contribute to vascular dysfunction.