BDNF and Alzheimer disease: Furthermore, research indicates that NIBS can enhance the production of neurotransmitters such as Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), increase local glucose metabolism, and regulate neuronal excitability, collectively contributing to the amelioration of cognitive functions and behavioral symptoms in AD patients (Chen et al., 2019; Pang and Shi, 2021; McNerney et al., 2022; Cocco et al., 2018).