RENBP and hepatocellular carcinoma: Passive targeting is primarily driven by an ‘enhancedpermeability and retention effect’ where leaky vasculatureand inefficient lymphatic drainage of tumors facilitate the accumulationof AG-AuNPs within a tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, active targeting relies on high binding affinity of arabinogalactanfor ASGP receptors present on hepatoma cells, leading to ASGPR-mediatedendocytosis. The dual targeting strategycollectively might have contributed to efficient uptake of AG-AuNPs,enhanced tumor retention, and improved therapeutic effect.