FSTL1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: In addition, FSTL1 deletion exacerbates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension(Zhang et al, 2017), wire-induced arterial injury (Miyabe et al, 2014), pressure overload-induced hypertrophy and cardiac failure (Shimano et al, 2011), etc. Importantly, FSTL1 overexpression or reconstitution has been reported to prevent myocardial infarction and cardiomyopathy (Lu et al, 2024; Oshima et al, 2008; Wei et al, 2015), reduce neointimal formation (Miyabe et al, 2014), and prevent against aortic dissection (Li et al, 2025).