ESR1 and hypogonadism: <h4>Objective</h4>This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), specifically clomiphene and enclomiphene, in treating men with functional hypogonadism.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomized controlled trials comparing SERMs with placebo, testosterone (T) gel, or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), up to July 2024.