First, our mechanistic inference is MI-centric: although LIPUS likewise reduced AF and atrial remodelling in the ACh/CaCl2 model, we did not perform atrial molecular validation in that model (Adam19, p-Smad2/3, and selected cholinergic/Ca2+-handling markers), which remains a priority for future work. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD2 and atrial fibrillation.