IL6 and inflammatory response: Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6 surge after MI, drive atrial inflammation, and further promote fibrosis through myofibroblast recruitment.17–19 Prior work shows that LIPUS blunts ventricular inflammation and remodelling.20,21 Consistent with previous research, our data show that LIPUS treatment significantly reduced atrial inflammation in the post-MI setting.