Both the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus lack LPS or LOS, but Casp11–/– mice have reduced inflammation and attenuated disease severity in response to infection with T. gondii [275], and Casp11–/– mice infected with A. fumigatus succumb faster than do wild-type mice [272]. Here, SCAF11 is linked to infection.