As vimentin is associated with the accumulation of endogenous dsRNA in fibroblasts within human islet preparations and is also highly expressed in astrocytes within demyelinated multiple sclerosis lesions [350], crosstalk between vimentin, NLRP9 and endogenous dsRNA could contribute to a breach in self-tolerance underpinning Type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. Here, VIM is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.