TERT and neoplasm: To formally compute the strength of positive selection on the TERT promoter in our cohort, we dichotomized the mutations on the basis of whether or not they have been observed several times across 8,136 tumour whole genomes (Supplementary Note 6; Methods), that is, using their presence in tumours as a surrogate of their capacity to activate the expression of TERT. We could thus calculate a modified dN/dS value for the TERT promoter (dN/dS pTERT; Supplementary Note 6).