GPT and hepatocellular carcinoma: More interestingly, we found that HOIL-1 expression was higher in the livers of patients with HBV and those with elevated alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase levels compared with their control (Supplementary Fig. 9a,b); however, HBV infection did not alter the HOIL-1 expression in HCC cells compared with their parental counterparts nor did the transfection with plasmids encoding HBV antigens affect the HOIL-1 levels in vitro (Supplementary Fig. 9c,d).