In the AAV9-shHOIL-1-treated mice, we observed a significant knockdown of the HOIL-1 expression in tumor tissues (Supplementary Fig. 5d,e) and alleviated tumor progression compared with control treatment, as evidenced by an evident reduction in the maximum tumor diameter, liver/body ratio and tumor area (Fig. 3e, f). Here, RBCK1 is linked to neoplasm.