VIP has been shown to be a potent vasodilator and is released with high levels of VNS.59,60 VIP release requires high frequencies of vagal stimulation (>20 Hz) and is also reportedly associated with atrial fibrillation.28,57,59 To avoid atrial arrhythmias, our VNS stimulation was limited to 10 Hz, which is also in line with prior studies showing beneficial ventricular effects.28,57 Hence, any VIP-related effects on our findings are likely to be minimal. The gene discussed is VIP; the disease is atrial fibrillation.