FOLH1 and neoplasm: This enzyme cleaves vitaminB9 (folic acid) and other glutamylated substrates to release freeglutamate, which in turn activates mGluR receptors on the tumor cells.mGluR activation triggers downstream pro-oncogenic signaling pathwayssuch as PI3K/AKT which promote cell survival while MAPK/ERK activationenhances growth and metastatic potential. PSMA modulates the tumor microenvironment by altering integrin signalingand facilitating vascular remodeling, thus feeding the tumor withmore nutrients and oxygen.