HMMR critically maintains cancer stemness across tumor types: sustaining glioblastoma stem cell tumorigenicity (48), enhancing gastric cancer stemness and 5-fluorouracil resistance via TGF-β/Smad2 (49), and promoting glycolysis to strengthen stemness and cisplatin resistance in lung adenocarcinoma (50). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and gastric cancer.