Notably, recent studies have revealed that ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) not only possess strong immune escape ability, but also actively participate in the construction of the immune signaling axis by interacting with TAMs, CAFs and the hypoxic microenvironment.Cancer stem cells induced TAMs to secrete factors such as IL-6, IL-8, and TGF-β, which activated the STAT3 and SMAD pathways, maintained their stemness and promoted the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells (91–93). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.