In addition, it was demonstrated that PD-L1 expression is often associated with markers of immune activation (e.g., granzyme B, T-bet, and IFN-γ) as well as inhibitory markers (e.g., PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG3, etc.)were co-expressed, suggesting that immune activation and immune suppression mechanisms may co-exist in this type of tumor microenvironment, forming a complex state of immune regulation (30, 31). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.