Arginase-1 enrichment in plasma-derived EVs has been identified as a potential biomarker for metastatic disease in HNSCC patients, alongside other clinically investigated EV markers such as PD-L1, EGFR, and miR-21, offering minimally invasive tools for risk stratification and therapy response monitoring (58). The gene discussed is EGFR; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.