Moreover, in lupus nephritis (LN), kidney macrophages can mediate mesangial cell proliferation and migration through the CXC motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) axis, suggesting that targeting macrophages to suppress mesangial cell proliferation and migration may represent a potential strategy to delay the progression of LN (112). Here, DPP4 is linked to lupus nephritis.