Berberine also upregulates Klotho expression in cisplatin-induced AKI, activating the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1/Beclin-1 autophagy pathway to mitigate oxidative injury (SOD activity increased by 86%; MDA decreased by 54%), inflammation, and cell death (Salah et al., 2025). Here, MTOR is linked to acute kidney injury.