MAPT and Cognitive impairment: In contrast, the scopolamine-induced AD model rapidly simulates partial AD-like pathological features such as acute cholinergic deficits and cognitive impairment, but lacks the typical pathological deposition of Aβ and tau proteins, making it difficult to mimic the complex pathological network of clinical AD (Balakrishnan et al., 2023; Jagielska et al., 2025).