Moreover, Transwell assays demonstrated that ARPC1B-overexpressing cells displayed significantly enhanced migration and invasion activities compared with WT and vector controls (p < 0.001; Figs. 4E,F, A5C,D), further validating ARPC1B’s role in promoting ccRCC metastatic properties. Here, ARPC1B is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.