YOD1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: M2-type macrophage-derived EVs target and inhibit OTUD2 by secreting miR-21-5p, which leads to activation of the YAP/β-catenin pathway and subsequent CD8+ T cell depletion, whereas OTUD2 overexpression enhances the CD8+ T-cells by inhibiting the YAP/β-catenin pathway’s antitumor effects, thereby inhibiting HCC.