TNF and neoplasm: Innovative therapies, such as engineered Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/Interleukin-12 (GM-CSF/IL-12) combinations, may overcome immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance by modulating tumor-associated macrophage polarization and dendritic cell activation [137], while apigenin inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)-driven CCL2 release, blocking immunosuppressive cell recruitment [138].