VEGFA and lung carcinoma: Additionally, vascularized and immune-infiltrated patient-derived tumor (PDT) models reflect primary tumor heterogeneity and facilitate rapid assessment of responses to anti-angiogenic and chemotherapeutic agents, as well as modulation of key markers such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A), Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 (LAG-3), and B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator (BTLA), supporting personalized approaches in lung cancer [196].