VPS9D1 and neoplasm: The long non-coding RNA VPS9D1-AS1 in colorectal cancer enhances TGF-β/ISG signaling to inhibit CD8+ T cell infiltration [52], whereas SMARCA4 deletion in ovarian cancer upregulates ISGs to enhance antigen presentation and tumor immunogenicity [53].These findings collectively demonstrate how diverse defects in interferon signaling pathways create an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that facilitates immune evasion across multiple cold tumor types, providing a strong rationale for developing therapies targeting these pathways.