CCL5 and neoplasm: In line with this, we found that high E2F1 expression correlates positively with B cells, CD8+ T cells, and dendritic cells, suggesting that SASP-linked chemokines (such as CCL5 and CXCL9/10) and interferon signaling promote antigen presentation and effector T-cell recruitment, thereby amplifying “senescence surveillance” and restraining tumor growth and spread—findings that dovetail with the observed suppression of malignant phenotypes and improved prognosis in the E2F1-high setting (Chibaya et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2023).