GLS and neoplasm: This differential distribution suggests that the cuproptosis-related gene GLS may drive tumour cell proliferation by regulating glutamine metabolism to provide energy and biosynthetic precursors for tumour proliferation, while high GLS expression in immune cells may enhance their anti-tumour capacity by supporting the metabolic demands of immune cells and maintaining their functional activity (Li et al., 2025; Fang et al., 2023).