COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI = body mass index; ACEI = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI = angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor; MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SGLT2i = sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor; Continuous variables are presented as a 10-fold increase. Statistical significance with  P<0.05. Here, ACE is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.