KLK3 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Preoperative PSA levels averaged 2.9 ± 1.4 ng/mL, which falls within the expected range in patients with BPH but without overt malignancy, aligning with the European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines that suggest PSA levels in the 1.5-4.0 ng/mL range are common in uncomplicated BPH [14].