Among the seven key genes (HOXD11, HOXC9, HOXC6, HOXA3, FBXO39, OTP, and HMGA2) consistently detectable in both normal astrocyte cell lines (SVG-P12) and glioma cell lines (U87, U251, LN229), tumor cell lines exhibited significantly upregulated expression compared to normal cell lines (Figure 9A). This evidence concerns the gene HOXC6 and central nervous system cancer.