HMGA2 and central nervous system cancer: Among the seven key genes (HOXD11, HOXC9, HOXC6, HOXA3, FBXO39, OTP, and HMGA2) consistently detectable in both normal astrocyte cell lines (SVG-P12) and glioma cell lines (U87, U251, LN229), tumor cell lines exhibited significantly upregulated expression compared to normal cell lines (Figure 9A).