CCL2 and diabetes mellitus: Oxidative stress, one of the reasons for “metabolic memory” in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) (8), can provoke a large number of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) via the nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway.