In tumor cells, HIF-1α and HIF-2α activation promotes metabolic reprogramming toward glycolysis (the Warburg effect), enhances angiogenesis through VEGF upregulation, and facilitates cell adhesion and invasion via integrins and MMPs (Bai et al., 2022; Bao and Wong Hypoxia, 2021; Vaupel et al., 2019; Icard et al., 2018). Here, EPAS1 is linked to neoplasm.