In terms of intervention strategies, probiotics/prebiotics can regulate the structure of microbiota and improve hepatic steatosis (Marchesi et al., 2016), but the long-term efficacy is affected by individual microbiota heterogeneity and intervention timing (Scorletti et al., 2020); Targeting specific metabolic pathways, such as FXR agonists or PPARα activators (Kuang et al., 2023), may be more specific. This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and fatty liver disease.