Among them, LPS binds to TLR4 on the surface of hepatocytes and activates Kupffer cells to release pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α), which further inhibits insulin receptor substrate (IRS) phosphorylation and exacerbates intrahepatic insulin resistance (Hu S. et al., 2025) (Figure 1). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is Insulin resistance.