TLR4 and colorectal carcinoma: Previous studies demonstrate that LPS upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) expression in SW480 cells through the LPS-TLR4-NF-κB/JNK signaling pathway in time- and concentration-dependent manners, thereby promoting CRC migration, invasion, lymphangiogenesis, and lymph node metastasis (Zhu et al., 2016).