CD44 and neoplasm: Our findings align with this mechanism, suggesting that the identified transcription factors (TFs) and hub genes may collectively accelerate brain metastasis through: Enhanced tumor cell invasiveness (via STAT5A-CD44 axis), Metastatic niche modulation, Post-metastatic transcriptional reprogramming (evidenced by expression downregulation post-metastasis) These results implicate the ten hub genes as critical mediators of lung cancer brain metastasis, potentially governing tumor cell dissemination and survival outcomes.