Notably, in EGFR-mutant LUAD, GREM1 overexpression perpetuates PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation, sustaining tumor cell survival and proliferation, which consequently attenuates the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs such as osimertinib (Sin-Aye et al., 2020; Andreas et al., 2022). Here, AKT1 is linked to neoplasm.