This protective effect was independent of established risk factors, including insulin therapy (odds ratio 2.84, 95% CI 2.41–3.35; p < 0.001), diabetes duration (odds ratio 1.03 per year, 95% CI 1.01–1.05; p = 0.001), and comorbidity burden (odds ratio 1.12 per point, 95% CI 1.06–1.18; p < 0.001). This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.