LEP and intervertebral disk degenerative disorder: However, the lack of leptin signaling could confound interpretations of disc degeneration, as leptin appears to promote anabolic processes and reduce catabolic activities in IVD cells (Curic, 2021; Francisco et al., 2018; Gruber et al., 2007; Han et al., 2018; Li et al., 2013; Segar et al., 2019; Sharma, 2018).