ESR1 and breast cancer: By modulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling cascade, ARL3 promotes mitophagic clearance of damaged mitochondria, ensuring mitochondrial quality control and ATP production critical for tumor cell survival.[43] This dual role—stabilizing ERα to drive proliferative signaling while enhancing mitochondrial fitness—positions ARL3 as a master regulator of cellular homeostasis in HR+ breast cancer.