CASP3 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Su et al. [209] found GRg1 dose-dependently enhanced ERK phosphorylation, suppressed JNKs/p38 phosphorylation, increased Bcl-2, and decreased Bax/Caspase-3 in T2DM rat brains, indicating neuroprotection via MAPK signaling and apoptosis modulation.