To explore a potential role for RRAGD, or its functionally redundant paralog RRAGC 44, in mediating mTORC1 activation in tRCC models, we first examined RRAGC and RRAGD gene expression in human tRCC specimens35 (Supplementary Fig. 5A), where both genes were significantly upregulated in tRCC samples compared to papillary RCC without gene fusion expression. Here, RRAGD is linked to renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocations/TFE3 gene fusions.