IRF3 and HIV-1 infection: Consistent with TRAF3 upregulation, we found an increase in phosphorylated IRF3 (Figure 2B–C) and IRF7 (Figure 2E–F) at 7-days post HIV-1 infection, as compared to uninfected control cultures and with 3 dpi-infected cultures, although no significant changes were observed at the transcriptional levels for both IRF3 and IRF7 (Figure 2A and D).