TBK1 and HIV-1 infection: We decided to study if this pathway could be also differently affected during the active and the latent phase of HIV-1 infection given that (a) it has been reported a strong functional interconnection between the RIG-1 signaling pathway and the cGAS–STING signaling pathway [47–49] and (b) the cGAS–STING signaling pathway is also involved in type I interferons (IFNs) expression and activation of IRF and TBK1 [50].